Vitascope.



T. ARMATA.

l vlAscoPE. APPLICATION FILED APK. I8. IQIO.

Patented Mar. 12, 1918.

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WITNESSES l ma @b4/ JM- T. ARMAT..

VITASCOPE.

APPucATlou FILED APR. la. |910.

1,259,066. V1mm Mar. 12, 191s;

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

WITNESSS `INI/ZEIVTOR 4o; Allonuy J.

T. ARMAT.

VITASCOPE.

APPLLcATioN man APR. 18. mo.

1,259,066. Patented Mar. 12, 1918".

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' WJTNESSES NVENTOR I tlamq/J,

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VTASCUPE.

Armenian man ma. ma. m10.

1 ,259,066. l Patented Mar. 12,

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

ZZ/5555 a THOMAS ARMAT, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

VITASCOPE.

Application led April 18, 1910.

To all fui/ioni t may concern.'

lie it knoivn that I, Tiioiliiias Aimar, a citizen ot the United States, residingat li'ashington, in the District ot Columbia, have invented certain new and usei'ul Improvements in Viftascopes. et which the iollowing is a specification.

My invention relates to apparatus tor exhibiting moving pictures.

A special object ot my invention is to provide simple and etlicient means Jfor exhibiting pictures in such a ivay as to reduce the number o't pictures necessary to be taken or exhibited in a given length of time to a minimum, yet without thereby producing the disagreeable `scintillation or Flicker such as would result from the exhibition of pictures taken at a low rate ot' speed upon machines that do not embody my improvements.

Another special object ot the invention is to provide mechanism whereby the time occupied by the shutter in passing across the exposure opening both in shutting oit and in exposing the picture is reduced to a minimum.

My invention also provides improved means whereby the timing ot the shutter or device tor intermittently obscuring the illumination will ren'iain unaltered by the setting or adjustment oit' the picture relative to the exposure opening or focus oic the objective lens.

The means by which l attain these and other objects are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. with reterence to which the invention will be hereinafter desc 1ibed and then more particularly pointed out in the claims annexed to this specification.

In several patents heretofore issued to me ttor improvements relating to the movingpicture art, I have pointed out the advantages of exposing the successive ypictures in the field of illumination for a comparatively long length of time and changing or substituting the pictures one for :mother in a very short period ot time; the relatively prolonged periods of exposure and quick interruptions or changes producing the visual impression of an even continuous motion or lifelike eiiect by .'irtue oit the optic faculty known as the persistence of vision. The mechaiiical means tor intermittently moving the pictures in this Way, noiv almost universally used in the art, is what is knoivn as the Geneva stop movement, and is de- Specication of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 12, 1918.

Serial No. 555180.

scribed in my U. S. Patent No. 578,185. This mechanical movement as now generally applied gives an exposure to each picture as compared to the period ot change of tour or five to one. At this ratio the number of pictures necessary to be taken and exhibited in a given length oi time. :tor satis `factory effects, is about sixteen pictures per second, which is the present commercial rate.

In order to reduce the rate ot taking and exhibiting pictures in a practical manner and Without sacrilicing the even or lifelike visual eii'ect, a mechanical movement re quired that will largely increase the ratio of the time Yinterval of rest or exposure to the period of movement or change; and for this purpose I have devised a mechanical movement which increases the relative period of exposure from four or ve to one, to ten or tivelve to one. Said mechanical movement is incorporated in the machine illustrated in the accompanyingI drawings as a suitable means for intermittently feeding the picture-bearing hn in accordance With the pu `pose oi my present invention.

The problem of reducing the number ot pictures per second from the present rate. ot sixteen per second to about half that rate, is not however one et merely extending the period of rest and reducing the period ol! change. At a rate oit exhibition as lovv eight per second a neiv ihysiological condition presents itself, ivh ich is this. The normally sensitive eye appears to but slightly take cognizanc ot alternations ot light and darkness; such as occur in moving picture exhibitions giving excess of illumination to each picture.r when such alternations take place at a rate of about 32 per second; but when the alternations take place at a lower rate, a tiring of the muscles of the eye ensues, due to the effort oi the pupil. to adjust itsel't to changing conditions ot light and darkness. The principal reason appears to be that at about alternations ot' light and darkness per second7 the pupil does not have time to dilate during the interval of absence oi' light before another light impulse is received. In other Words the alternations of light and darkness occurring in the onethirtieth ot a second are too rapid 'for the pupil of the eye to appreciably respond to7 where the light interval substantially exceeds the interval of darkness.

With such relative short periods of change A.: i o

as ten or twelve to one, the problem is presented et obtaining` a shutter of the necessary ciu'racitjfv and rapidity to adequately mask the picture for the lull period ci? its movement, yet .vithout unnecessarily prolonging he interruption of illumination. ln commercial machines heretofore employed in the art, it is almost the universal practice to employ a shutter making one complete revolution for each picture exhibited. Usually such shutters have a comparatively short throw and :tor this reason a considerable proportion ot the total time et a complete rev elution is occupied by the shutter in passing across the exposure opening' both in shutting oit the view and in exposing the picture. it' the shutter is made wide enough to pass cntirely across the exposure openingbefore the picture st rts to more and also wide enough to reach entirely across the opening` unti the picture comes te a state ot complete rest, it unnecessarily prolonge the period of change. lt it is not made wide enough to do this, it will exp se or partially expose the picture during a part et the period of its movement.

l have overcome tie dilhculty mentioned by providing` a snuttcr which malres a number of revolutions to each picture exhibited and has a proportionally increased angular dimension. For example. where the period ot change is only one-tenth or one-twelfth olf the period ot exposure, the shutter prei'- erably makes four revolutions per exposure and has an angular dimension it'our times as great as its dimension would be for a shutter revolving only once per exposure. rlhis gives the shutter sullicient annular measure to cover the exposure ogennigil beit-ore the o cture starts to more and until it has come a state el complete rest7 while at the same o iine tlie movement et the shutter across the exposure opening is so rapid as to reduce to a i'ninimum the time cn'iployed to completely shut oil and completely expose the picture. llloreover, l prefer to place this shutter in front el the lens at a point where the eouverging rays occupy the smallest. space which still further reduces the time occupied by the shutter in completely masking the picture and exposing it.

This passage ot the shutter tour times across the exposure opening to each picture, has the disadvantage of reducing the illuminatioiiA7 but it has compensating ac vantages, in pictures taken at a low rate, of )real-:ing up the pulsations el' light caused y the passage or" the shutter into shorter vals, wl ich reduces the scintillation. h a shutter does not shorten the period of exposure as compared to the period of change, the period 01"' change beine' iixed by the time occupied by the shutter in masking the picture during;` its movement, and the passage of the shutter during the period of f exposure does not operate to slierten the total time interval during which the picture is visible, but breaks it up by a series ot interruptions into short pulsations too rapid for the eye to taire cognizance el'. The loss of the light is not a mattei' oi` serious consequence where there is an abundance et light such as is furnished by the electric arc.

Another feature of my invention is the provision et' a shutter that does not have its timing altered in respect to the exposure opening by the setting of the picture. rlhis setting oit the picture in all machines et which l have knowledge is accompanied by an alteration in the distance between the e):- posure opening and the axis of the revolving)0 shutter, which produces a difference in the timing of the shutter as it passes across the exposure opening. This has always been an objectionable feature and would be especiallyY objectionable in the present istance by reason ot the exceedingly short period olf change and rapidity olf movement ot the shutter. l have overcome the objection by mounting the shutter on an axis iixed rela tive to the exposure opening and operable through a sliding,` gear by the driving` mechanism of the machine7 the latter being adj ustable without changing; the position ot the axis of the shutter.

l will new describe the embodiment et my invention shown in the accompanying drawings, the same being illustrative ot a suitable type ol machine to which my invention applicable.

Figure l is a side elevation et the machine, with parts broken away. The dotted lines indicate a. lowered position oi the {ihn-leeding mechanism which is vertically-adjustable within approximately the limits rei'iresentefl by the full and dotted lines to permit setting` of the picture relative to the lens or exposure opening.

Fig'. 2 is a baclr view of the machine.

Fig. 3 is a liront view thereof.

Fig. yil is a side view ot one form of my improved mechanical movement tor intcrmittently feeding the film.

Fig. 5 is an opposite side view ont the same.

Fig. G is a view of Fig. -i alter movement to another position.

Fig. 7 is a side view and 8 an end view of another form ot such mechanical movement.

l? 9 is an opposite side view ot the driven element of Fig. 7

Fig. l() is a side view of a modilied form ot tappet.

l indicates an upright trame-plate or liront member of the casing of a moving picture exhibiting` apparatus; 2 is the objective lens; o is the holder 'for guiding` and tensionir.-g` the picture-bearing lilm (not shown) across the exposure opening; and -l is an arm attached to the trame plate and point of the locking surface of the driven element, or until the locking surface of the driving element has reached a position where the driven element is free to turn a complete part rotation. ln the almost universally used Geneva stop movement, such shown in (l of the drawings of my Patent No. 578,185, where the driven 02' or element consists of a star-wheel having radial slot-ways between its concave locking surfaces, which slot-ways are successively engaged by a lateral pin on the driving wheel, the driven gear or star-wheel begins to rota te as soon as said pin begins to enter a slot-way the star-Wheel, and die movement continues until the pin has clearer the slot. In my present improv-ement, the

driven element has no slot-ways and the projection on the driving element which comes in contact with the tappet can be made to bear any desired relation to the locking surfaces of the driven element, so as to largely increase the speed and interval of motion as compared to the interval of rest; as the projection on the driving element does not begin to rotate the driven element until it contacts therewith a point near the axis of rotation and quickly turns the arm of the tappet with which it contacts so as to pass clear thereof, whereby the period of movement is shortened and the period of rest greatly prolonged, as compared with the previous movement.

@wing to the brief period of movement or change., which is only one-tenth or onetwelfth of the time of one rotation of the drive shaft (El), the period of shutter obstruction must be shortened in accordance with the period of change, without sacrificing the masking ability of the shutter; and as aforesaid l accomplish this result by employing a shutter of increa a; angular dimension and causing the shutter to make a number of revolutions per exposure. The increased angular dimension of the shutter does not affect the period of change since it is offset by the rapidity of movement. lt is preferable to have the shutter make four revolutions per exposure. its before noted., the rapid passage of the shutter at such shorter interi/'als reduces the scintillation but does not shorten the total time interval during which the picture is visible but breaks it up by a series of iin'l'erringtions into short pulsations too rapid for the eye to note.

By this method while there are thirty-two obstructions or altcrnations of li g it and darkness per second, only eight of these occur during the interval of change, each picture being in a state of complete rest during three obstructions.

The eye is therefore relieved by this method of much of the fatigue due to the effort to hold on to one impression until the next is recorded.

ln the drawings 28 denotes the shutter, 2la counterweight and 25 the shutter shaft. rl`he shutter Q3 is preferably in the form of a segment, of less transverse width than the diameter of the lens, and is placed in front of the lens at a position where the converging rays occupy the smallest space, which as before stated reduces the time occupied by the shutter in completely masking and uncovering the picture. YWhile some scattered or diffused rays of light will pass margins of the shutter, this is rather an advantage, and the shutter intercepts the effective rays which is all sui'iicient for obstruction purposes during the change of the picture. On the other hand, the sector shaped countcrweight 2l may have such a radius as to move across the margin of the lens, but this is immaterial as the counterweight will not intercept the effective rays. ,lhe shutter sl aft 25 is or may be driven through beveled gears 26 from a transverse shaft 27, the latter being provided with an elongated pinion Q8 which is slidably engaged by a crown wheel or face gear 29 on stud shaft 30, said shaft 30 being driven through beveled gears 31 from the drive shaft 9. ri`he ratio of the crown wheel. Q9 to the pinion 28 is four to one in this instance, to give the desired timing to the shutter.

ln all prior machines of which l have knowledge, the shutter shaft is geared with the drive shaft, and hence where provision is made for setting the picture relative to the exposure opening by adjustmenl| of the operating mechanism, the shutter shaft shifts 7ith the drive shaft and causes an altera tion in the distance between. the center of the lens and the axis of the shutter with a consequent difference in the timing or period of the shutter obstruction. in the present improved construction, by interpesing a sliding gearing between the drive shaft and shutter shaft, the shutter shaft 25 and transverse shaft 27 are stationary, and, when Vthe operating mechanism is adjusted by the lever l5 to set the picture relative to the exposure opening, the crown wheel 29 slides up and down on the elongated pinion 28 without changing the axis of the shutter or affecting its timing.

l find that by means of these innprovements it is possible to take and exhibit pictures at just one-half the present commercial rate of about sixteen pictures per second, which means an economy of fifty per cent., in both taking and exhibiting pictures. .She wear upon the films by virtue of the fewer changes per second .is also greatly reduced, probably fifty per cent., making in all in economy of seventy-five per cent.

l claim as my invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent:

l. ln a motion picture projecting appa ratus, the combination with a picture strip having thereon a consecutive series of photographs of successive phases of a moving object, taken at considerable intervals of time, z'. e. at approximately the rate of eight per second, of a source of illumination, a projecting lens, means for periodically advancing the picture strip and for holding each succeeding picture in position to be projected, the length of the periods o rest and motion being in substantially;v the ratio of ten t0 one, and a shutter positively geared to the picture advancing mechanism so as to make not less than four revolutions to each picture exhibited and adapted to intercept the light at each revolution, once during each period of picture movement and not less than three times during each period of picture rest, said shutter having its angular dimensions increased to compensate for its relative speed of rotation so as to completely obscure the picture during its period of movement7 whereby a picture strip of about one-half the usual length and having onehalf the usual number of pictures thereon may be successfully employed for portrayal on a screen of an extended scene including moving objects Without objectionable scintillation, substantially as described.

2. The improvement in the art of exhibiting pictures of objects in motion by projecting the pictures on a screen through the medium or a beam of light, Which consists in periodically interrupting the light at a rate more rapid than that to Which the eye of the observer can respond, z'. c. approximately thirty-two per second; in presenting tno pictures successively in position for projection at a relatively slow rate, z'. e. approximately eight per second, and in moving the pictures into and out of position for projection at such speed that the period of movement -Will take but approximately onetenth as long the period of exposure, i. e. approximately one-eightieth of a second, each period of movement being timed to occur during a period of light interruption, whereby the number or pictures necessary to successfully represent a given movement of an object is reduced to the minimum Without creating objectionable scintillation.

In testimony Wliereoi` l atlix my signature, in presence oit' two Witnesses.

THOMAS ARMAT.

lVitnesses CI-Ias. E. RionDoN, Oscoop H. DoWELL.

00,1. d this pltelt my be obtained tor ive centi each, by addressing the Commissioner o! Eatenta. Washington, D. C. 

